keytool has a number of commands. The most common command used for signing Android builds -genkeypair, commonly abbreviated -genkey. The other commands may be useful to you, but uncommonly so. Again, there are lots of options for this keytool command. The primary -genkey options we are concerned with are in the table below with a brief description:
Generating A Signing Key Android Mac
This section explains how to create a KeyStore using theJKS format as the database format for both the private key, and theassociated certificate or certificate chain. By default, as specifiedin the java.security file, keytool usesJKS as the format of the key and certificate databases (KeyStore andTrustStores). A CA must sign the certificate signing request (CSR).The CA is therefore trusted by the server-side application to whichthe Adapter is connected.
Once you publish the app on the Play Store, you will need to republish your app under a different package name (losing all downloads and ratings) if you want to change the signing key at any point. So backup your keystore and don't forget the passwords.
Gradle's assembleRelease will bundle all the JavaScript needed to run your app into the APK. If you need to change the way the JavaScript bundle and/or drawable resources are bundled (e.g. if you changed the default file/folder names or the general structure of the project), have a look at android/app/build.gradle to see how you can update it to reflect these changes.
A software developer should be able to focus on the problem at hand without struggling with obtuse command-line tools. With KeyStore Explorer difficult security tasks such as key pair generation and code signing become quick and simple.
Under the signing identities locate the iOS Development and iOS Distribution profiles. If you have not created them you will see a Create button next to them. Simply select it and Xcode will issue and download your code signing identities for you.
There are several approaches you can use to prepare your Flutter project for code signing, we have described two of these in this section. Note that whichever approach you use, you still need to set up Android code signing in the Flutter workflow editor.
Set your signing configuration in build.gradle or build.gradle.kts as follows:build.gradlebuild.gradle.kts...android ... defaultConfig ... signingConfigs release if (System.getenv()["CI"]) // CI=true is exported by Codemagic storeFile file(System.getenv()["CM_KEYSTORE_PATH"]) storePassword System.getenv()["CM_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD"] keyAlias System.getenv()["CM_KEY_ALIAS"] keyPassword System.getenv()["CM_KEY_PASSWORD"] else keyAlias keystoreProperties['keyAlias'] keyPassword keystoreProperties['keyPassword'] storeFile keystoreProperties['storeFile'] ? file(keystoreProperties['storeFile']) : null storePassword keystoreProperties['storePassword'] buildTypes release ... signingConfig signingConfigs.release ...import java.io.Fileimport java.util.*val keystoreProperties = Properties().apply var file = File("key.properties") if (file.exists()) load(file.reader()) plugins ... android ... val appVersionCode = (System.getenv()["NEW_BUILD_NUMBER"] ?: "1")?.toInt() defaultConfig ... versionCode = appVersionCode ... signingConfigs create("release") if (System.getenv()["CI"].toBoolean()) // CI=true is exported by Codemagic storeFile = file(System.getenv()["CM_KEYSTORE_PATH"]) storePassword = System.getenv()["CM_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD"] keyAlias = System.getenv()["CM_KEY_ALIAS"] keyPassword = System.getenv()["CM_KEY_PASSWORD"] else storeFile = file(keystoreProperties.getProperty("storeFile")) storePassword = keystoreProperties.getProperty("storePassword") keyAlias = keystoreProperties.getProperty("keyAlias") keyPassword = keystoreProperties.getProperty("keyPassword") buildTypes getByName("release") isMinifyEnabled = false signingConfig = signingConfigs.getByName("release") dependencies ...
Actions can communicate with each other using a shared hash lane_context, that can be accessed in other actions, plugins or your lanes: lane_context[SharedValues:XYZ]. The build_android_app action generates the following Lane Variables:
If you need to customize the build.gradle file, rather than edit it directly, it is recommended to create a sibling file named build-extras.gradle. This file will be included by the main build.gradle script when present. This file must be placed in the app folder of the Android's platform directory (/platforms/android/app). It is recommended to use the before_build hook script to copy this file over.
If your application has enabled the cdvBuildMultipleApks Gradle property (see Setting Gradle Properties), the version code of your app will also be multiplied by 10 so that the last digit of the code can be used to indicate the architecture the apk was built for. This multiplicationwill happen regardless of whether the version code is taken from the android-versionCode attribute or generated using the version.
Note: When updating the android-versionCode property, it is not recommended to increment the version code taken from built apks. It is recommended to increment the code based off the value in your config.xml file's android-versionCode attribute. This is because the cdvBuildMultipleApks property causes the version code to be multiplied by 10 in the built apks and thus using that value will cause your next version code to be 100 times the original, etc.
You can also specify signing properties by including a .properties file and pointing to it with the cdvReleaseSigningPropertiesFile and cdvDebugSigningPropertiesFile Gradle properties (see Setting Gradle Properties).
There is one additional factor in the example above that only applies in the second-discussed situation (i.e. when a plugin launches an external activity). Not only was the state of the application lost when the user finished taking a photo, but so was the photo that the user took. Normally, that photo would be delivered to your application through the callback that was registered with the camera plugin. However, when the Webview was destroyed that callback was lost forever. Luckily, cordova-android 5.1.0 and above provide a means for getting the result of that plugin call when your application resumes.
When the OS destroys the Cordova activity that was pushed into the background by a plugin, any pending callbacks are lost as well. This means that if you passed a callback to the plugin that launched the new activity (e.g. the camera plugin), that callback will NOT be fired when the application is recreated. However, starting in cordova-android 5.1.0, the resume event's payload will contain any pending plugin results from the plugin request that launched the external activity made prior to the activity being destroyed.
Below is a brief example application that uses the resume and pause events to manage state. It uses the Apache camera plugin as an example of how to retrieve the results of a plugin call from the resume event payload. The portion of the code dealing with the resume's event.pendingResult object requires cordova-android 5.1.0+
By default HTTP and FTP etc. will refuse the apps requests to use cleartext traffic. The key reason for avoiding cleartext traffic is the lack of confidentiality, authenticity, and protections against tampering; a network attacker can eavesdrop on transmitted data and also modify it without being detected. You can learn more about the android:usesCleartextTraffic or any other android application elements setting in the documentation for Android developers.
If you plan to use Bubblewrap to generate an Android App Bundle (AAB) (Note: Starting in August 2021, Google Play will require all new apps to use the Android App Bundle format) or APK to upload and publish to Google Play, you'll need to sign your app with a signing key. Google Play gives you two options for how you can handle this:
During the bubblewrap init setup, when you get to the "Signing key information (5/5)" portion, you'll be prompted to enter a "Key store location" and "Key name", or use the defaults. The default key store location is the file android.keystore in your project directory and the default key name is android. If Bubblewrap doesn't find an existing keystore with that key name at the location, it will create one for you and also prompt you for passwords. Take note of the passwords you entered as you'll need them during the build process (bubblewrap build) where it will use the key to sign your app. If you opt in to Play App Signing, then the signing key that Bubblewrap generated and used to sign your app becomes the "upload key". Whether you choose to use the Bubblewrap generated key as your signing or upload key, you should guard and keep the key private. We don't recommend committing it to version control. Instead, limit the number of individuals with access to it.
To create the assetlinks.json file, you'll need the SHA 256 certificate fingerprint associated with your app's signing key. The important thing to note is that the fingerprints associated with your signing and upload keys will be different. It's important to keep this distinction in mind, especially if you observe your app launching as a Chrome Custom Tab (with the browser bar visible). Then, it's likely your assetlinks.json file does not have the fingerprint that corresponds to the appropriate key.
It's useful to have both your signing and upload certificate's fingerprint in your assetlinks.json to more easily debug your app locally. See Adding More Keys below for more information on how to have both keys in the assetlinks.json file.
Signing key: Copy the SHA256 fingerprint for the "App signing key certificate". This fingerprint will correspond to your app if you download it from the Google Play Store since Google Play distributes your app signed with the signing key. 2ff7e9595c
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